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Contributions to the Care of People in a Residential Setting Essays

Contributions to the Care of People in a Residential Setting Essays Contributions to the Care of People in a Residential Setting Essay Contributions to the Care of People in a Residential Setting Essay SOCIAL WORK: Contribute to care of people in a residential scene Undertaking 1: Explanation of Te Tiriti o Waitangi and its application in the societal services The Treaty of Waitangi is an understanding signed between the Maori and the Crown in the twelvemonth 1840. It has four rules that are being applied in the societal services of today, and these are: partnership, protection, engagement and permission. These rules are applied when societal workers work together with the whanau and the client in the decision-making with respects to the sort of attention the client needs. It is besides applied when client’s cultural rights are kept safe and leting them to pattern their traditions if pleased. These rules are applied in lending to the attention of people in a residential scene based on these undermentioned illustrations: 1. PROTECTION – A Maori occupant who wants to maintain his traditions such as taking places upon come ining his room must be observed by the staff to demo their regard of his cultural rights. 2. PARTNERSHIP – Social worker, client and whanau could form a hui to discourse about the best alternate instruction classs to set up for a Maori kid who has been admitted at a CYFs residential place due to condemnable discourtesy. 3. PARTICIPATION – Client and societal worker may hold a regular hebdomadal meeting to discourse about the effectivity of being admitted in a residential place for the client. Client can work together with the societal worker to develop a program on how the activities and plans in the installation could be helpful to him. Undertaking 2: Manage admittance to residential attention Context/Setting Hoani Waititi Marae Individual/Group Age Group Summary of ground for admittance to residential attention R.W. adolescent R.W. is a 15 twelvemonth old Maori female who has been arrested and admitted to CYFS residential attention due to failure to stay by her set curfew clip. R.W. was first sent to youth tribunal due to robbery. She was sentenced to 3 months community service, required to go to Maori alternate instruction and was set a curfew until 7pm. However, on their latest visit to tribunal, her grandmother raised an issue to the justice that R.W. has been coming place past her curfew clip in more than a few times, and when asked where she has been, she merely walks straight to her room and non reply the inquiry. She was given a constabulary warning, but on her 3rd discourtesy, the constabulary came and picked her up and set her to the residential place. ( Task 2 ) Placement Diary – ( Student to Complete ) Student Name Hannah Marie N. Manlangit Workplace Hoani Waititi Marae Meetings and Communication ( related to admission procedure ) Date Notes/key points of information provided to the occupants 16 Sept 2014 Nature of the alternate attention arrangement where the client will be admitted to. 17 Sept 2014 List of recreational activities and alternate instruction that will be provided to the client one time admitted in the residential attention. Summary of information gained to find single arrangement demands in the abode Cultural and religious patterns – Client is a Maori and has close dealingss with her whanau which should be considered in her residential place. She should be able to hold an unfastened communicating with her whanau when needed. Health and dietetic demands – Client demands to make karakia earlier repasts as portion of her civilization. Support people: Friends and household – Open communicating with whanau and friends. Government and community bureaus – Client’s societal worker should still be involved in the assessment procedure during her stay in the residential place. High hazard appraisal injury, failure to stay by set regulations or run off etc. Avocations, activities – Client loves music and enjoys playing the piano. This can be integrated in Her attention program and alternate instruction. Notes/key points of how you managed admittance in conformity with your workplace standards/ demands Our arrangement s criterions and processs chiefly concentrate on sing the client s safety and wellbeing. First, informed consent is gained before the admittance procedure is conducted. The occupant is informed of all outlooks and a meeting is organized so that both parties are agreeable that the arrangement is appropriate. Once a definite program has been made and the client has agreed to be admitted in the arrangement, residential regulations and processs are laid down to her before she starts his stay in the installation. She is besides informed of the abode programmes and resources that could assist her in acquiring back on the right path. Resident rights and duties are besides discussed, every bit good as grudges processs, should she non abide by the policies and processs of the installation. Client is besides assessed before admittance to let the residential installation to obtain of import and relevant information from the client sufficient for the intent of finding single arrangement and demands within the abode. Other notes/reflections on the admittance procedure Admission processs are completed in conformity with service supplier criterions. Agencies will hold different processs when acknowledging a new occupant. The manner one bureau admits a occupant may be really different from another bureau. They may hold different protocols and processs. Undertaking 3: Contribute to be aftering for residential attention of the occupant ( Task 3 ) Placement Diary – ( Student to finish ) Student Name Hannah Marie N. Manlangit Workplace Hoani Waititi Marae Contributions to be aftering for attention of the occupant Date Notes/key points of any meetings or other communicating, inside informations of actions related to be aftering for the attention of the occupant 16 Sept 2014 Social worker arranges a whanau hui with the household members, the client, her support individual and a representative of the residential attention to discourse about their program of action to back up the client. 17 Sept 2014 All agreed upon programs during the meeting will be written down in a minute of the meeting and sent to all parties involved in the hui by electronic mail or by station. What factors were relevant to the planning of residential attention for the occupant? Aims for admittance to the abode Integration of the person into the abode Results of the admittance appraisal Ethical pattern Keeping information confidential Following statute law Encouraging self-government Reviewing the program Followed SW profession s codification of moralss Followed bureau s codification of behavior Ascertained cultural pattern Service supplier criterions Follow Social Work profession s codification of moralss Follow bureau s codification of behavior Observe cultural patterns What were the indispensable characteristics of the resident’s residential attention program? Matching of the occupant s demands with the services provided by the abode Aims of the program Resources that are available to accomplish the aims of the program A clip frame that is consistent with the usage of available resources The functions and duties of people in the program Methods of measuring advancement Other notes/reflections on the admittance procedure Before an alternate arrangement happens, the appropriate parties may run into several times to discourse and portion relevant information, issues and demands of the client for their safety and wellbeing. Legislation Gender Residential Rules Undertaking 4: Contribute to residential attention of the occupant ( Task 4 ) Placement Diary – ( Student to finish ) Student Name Hannah Marie N. Manlangit Workplace Hoani Waititi Marae Contributions to care of occupant Date Notes/key points of any meetings or other communicating, inside informations of actions related to attention of the occupant 16 Sept 2014 During the whanau hui, client’s involvements and avocations will be taken in consideration to assist do the option attention stay would be good to the client. 17 Sept 2014 During the stay in the alternate attention, client’s cultural rights will be practiced at all times. Sketch your function and the chief duties you have in the residential attention program Guaranting the safety and wellbeing of the occupant ( and other occupants ) as their first consideration at all times. The societal worker has fulfilled all their allocated duties in conformity with the societal worker s function in the residential attention program. What contact was arranged for the occupant to hold with their family/whanau? Ongoing contact of the occupant with their whanau throughout the period of abode is facilitated in conformity with the program. Telephone Mail Visiting Planned joint meetings with residential staff What are the supervising and custodial attention demands of the occupant? Supervision and tutelary attention of the occupant is carried out harmonizing to the program and residential demands: Physical and behavioral boundaries Legislative demands Health and safety direction Behavioural direction How does the residential attention program promote self-government of the occupant, and discourage dependence on you, other societal workers and the societal service supplier? Part of the function of facilitation is to promote self-government of parties to the program. This means promoting all parties to the program to carry through their identified functions, and to take ownership of these functions. Dependence on the societal worker or societal service supplier needs to be discouraged. Encouraging self-government: Outlined bureau s aims and appropriate statute law, endorsing up bureaus mandate/kaupapa. Informing client and whanau of the parametric quantities and range of the meeting, and allowed them to specify the best options. Work collaboratively with the household to happen a in-between land where bureau authorization and whanauchoices are nt alining. Detering dependence on societal services: Give infinite so the whanau can specify their ain possible solutions Where possible the bureau stairss aside, so the household can step up. Other notes ( Reflect on the determination doing procedure ) Social worker could give the client and whanau aid in the best manner she could but at the same clip, give them options to let them to do a determination on what they think would outdo suit the client’s needs. Undertaking 5: Contribute to rating of the residential attention program ( Task 5 ) Placement Diary – ( Student to finish ) Student Name Hannah Marie N. Manlangit Workplace Hoani Waititi Marae Contributions to rating of residential attention program Date Notes/key points related to the rating of the residential attention program 16 Sept 2014 Agenda a regular monitoring of the client’s advancement in the residential attention, for illustration, have the societal worker visit her hebdomadal. 17 Sept 2014 Make a attention program for the client and refer to the attention program and her advancement in the residential attention. How did you help parties to place advancement in accomplishing the aims of the residential attention program? Throughout the execution ( and at the decision ) of the alternate attention program, advancement against program objectives needs to be determined, and documented. Keeping an unfastened communicating with the client and inquiring her about how she feels about being in the residential installation. If she is happy with her stay and if she thinks if it has been helpful to her. Promote the whanau of the client to maintain their support and aid with the client and maintaining the connexion between them intact throughout the whole procedure. How did you help the parties to measure the safety and wellbeing of the occupant and other occupants? The monitoring of advancement besides needs to specifically include monitoring of advancement in footings of the safety and good being of the person who is the topic of the arrangement. Keeping in touch with the installation staff and inquiring for their observation on the advancement and betterment of the client. Discoursing with the whanau of the client on how they think their connexion with the client improved during the whole procedure of alternate attention. What further options ( if any ) were identified following a reappraisal of the resident’s attention program? When execution of the program is complete, the program needs to be reviewed. In some instances the reappraisal will ensue in farther options being identified. The reappraisal may besides find some different results in footings of accomplishment of aims and these besides need to be recorded in the program. Plans can be reviewed as necessary: either hebdomadal, monthly, every three months depending on clients fortunes. How did you maintain all communications confidential? Communicationss were kept confidential by guaranting that whanau huis are held in closed suites with merely the people who are closely involved in the instance are present. I besides ensured that all paperss refering the client are kept in a secured topographic point that are merely accessible to the societal workers working in the client s instance and are non left lying around for people to see. Outline the statute law that was relevant to this resident/situation, and how it impacted on your part to the resident’s attention. The most of import legisltation applied in this procedure was thePrivacy Act. The client’s personal information was kept safe by the residential attention arrangement. As pupils, we were asked to subscribe a confidentiality signifier to guarantee that we will be apt in instance of information being exposed to parties non involved in the procedure. Human Rightswere kept in topographic point throughout the whole procedure by guaranting that client’s cultural, physical, mental and religious rights were kept in consideration at all times. As a Maori, their tikanga were kept integral at all times and whanau engagement was extremely encouraged. Other notes ( Reflect on the determination doing procedure ) The relationship between client and societal worker does non stop one time client is placed in a residential attention. Monitoring of client advancement one time released from residential attention is besides critical and of import to guarantee that client does non travel back to her old ways. Particularly for immature clients, societal worker must help the client on activities and avocations that will assist her divert her attending and non travel back to her old ways and take the consecutive way. Undertaking 6: Application of societal service theory In this peculiar instance, the societal work theory on Working with Particular Client Groups was taken into consideration because we were covering with a adolescent. A client at this age has different demands and involvements as compared to an grownup client. Social worker must guarantee to derive the attending and trust of the client to guarantee her cooperation in the procedure. Gender is besides taken into history, since the client is a miss, the societal worker gave her residential attention options that are friendly to her demands and in where she will experience safe and secure. Cultural rights were besides taken note of. Client is a Maori therefore, she was referred to a Maori organisation to protect her tikanga and allow her cognize more about her whakapapa. During her young person hearing the justice encouraged her to declaim her pipiha to remind her of her whanangataunga and to pattern their Te reo which was really helpful to the client as it besides encouraged her to acqui re connected with her cultural roots. Hannah Marie N. Manlangit13160103

Rise of the Rest Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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What is Profession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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The evolution of semiautomatic rifles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The evolution of semiautomatic rifles - Essay Example After 1885, smokeless powder and a cupro-nickel jacketed bullet ushered the SR into a new era. Maxim received a patent in 1891 for a short-stroke gas piston, where the gas is taken off through a barrel port close to the chamber, which drives a short piston that operates the action. John Browning, in 1889, entered the SR field, producing a lever rifle that featured a concave muzzle cap that was hook up below the barrel, connecting with the triggerguard rifle lever. Griffiths and Woodgate were two Englishmen who introduced a SR that had simplicity as its value. In 1898, Mauser introduced a SR that incorporate a locking principle which was modified to form the Deglyarev LMG lock principle and the lock of the gas operated rifles with which Germany ended the war. Major Amerigo Cei-Rigotti introduced a gas system in 1900, which was a modification of the Italian 1891 rifle design, but had the action further forward to protect the shooter. The Cei-Rigotti, in firing tests in 1900, delivered 300 rounds in a minute of full automatic fire, after which the barrel was too hot to use. This was a mechanism that was used by the Russians in 1936 and 1940 and by Germany in 1943, with their mechanism being mounted on to of barrels, instead of below. The main person who was driving the development of the SR was Mannlicher. In 1891, Mannlicher developed two SRs, which operated on the short recoil principle. His second experimentation was a rifle that featured a small hook bored in the barrels bottom and a gas-operated arm. Mannlicher came back in 1893 with two SRs with a revolving bolt locked rifle. The first was a modification of his standard turning bolt magazine rifle; the second was the Mannlicher Model 90 straight-pull design. In 1894, Mannlicher introduced two â€Å"blow forward† designs with hesitation locking cams. The first required cocking after every shot. The second featured a standing

Strategic Management Issues in Low Cost Airlines

Strategic Management Issues in Low Cost Airlines Low cost airlines have been a trend nowadays anywhere in the world. There are many airlines that have adopted this strategy and have become more successful because of this. The low cost airlines have the advantage over the premium airlines due to the fact that they will never get their costs to a point where they can make a profit at low fares in bigger markets. Among these low cost airlines that are in existence nowadays is Ryan air. The Irish airline company Ryan air is the first low-cost, no-frills European airline to have any impact. Ryan air started operations in July 1985, flying between Waterford in the southeast of Ireland and Londons Gatwick airport. Three brothers, Catlan, Declan and Shane Ryan were the founding shareholders of Ryan air, which was set up to offer low-cost no-frills services between Ireland and London. Now, Ryan air, with its rapid growth occupied a most sought position in its own field, being Britains favourite airline. Ryan air currently has a team of more than 7,000 people and expects to carry approximately 73 million passengers in fiscal year 2010/11. 1.3 Current Strategic Positions: To evaluate any organisations strategic position certain factors have to be assessed. These include those below and also the environmental analysis which follows later in the report. 1.3.1 Market Segmentation: Ryan air lay claim to their market segment by stating they were Europes first no frills airline, www.ryanair.com. Ryanair have made strategic decisions based on increasing their competitive edge, the main one becoming involved in attracting customers at both ends of their routes. Haberberg and Rieple (2001), support this by showing that Ryanairs key source of revenue from as far back as a decade ago has been in enticing passengers from France, Italy and Scandinavia. This has had the advantage of increasing their market share as well as the added bonus of creating a well recognised brand name across Europe. 1.3.2 Prescriptive, Emergent or Something Unique? A prescriptive corporate strategy is one where the objective has been defined in advance and the main elements have been developed before the strategy commencesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.an emergent corporate strategy is one whose final objective is unclear and whose elements are developed during the course of its life, as the strategy proceeds. Lynch (2000) As is shown above by Lynch (2000) the two recognised strategy models are extremely different, however these are the two dominant strategy approaches as stated by Dennis Foster in his lecture on Managing Strategic Change (2006). It is safe to recognise straight away that Ryanair does not sit uniformly with either strategy. However certain aspects or functions could certainly adhere to one or the other as these are sections that make up the carrier as a whole and for an organisation of Ryanairs size different parts would have different aims and objectives underneath a main umbrella strategy for the organisation. For example any planning undertaken by Ryanair for new routes or planes would follow the prescriptive model as the objective would have been defined beforehand and elements such as finance will have had to have been agreed before any purchasing goes ahead. On the other hand emergent strategies may be in place for things like training and development where elements can be discovered along the way for example if an issue arose where staff needed more health and safety training then the training programme could be redirected. Ryanair, as already stated, follows neither strategic approach religiously and possesses a strategy unique to their organisation, which has identified their needs and objectives. However their approach to strategic management isnt unique in itself as the majority of organisations will tailor strategies to suit their business own individuality. 1.3.3 Competitive Advantages: Their main competitors are carriers including Easy Jet, BMIbaby, Fly Be and Thomson Fly all of who try to attract potential customers by emphasising their low cost tickets. This makes the competition in this market segment fierce as in order to offer the lowest fares, costs must also be kept to a minimum. Ryanair continues to be the lowest cost airline in Europe. The firm manages to maintain its cost leadership despite the presence of other low cost airlines in Europe. The source of competitive advantage of the company is its ability to drive down costs to sustain low fares while at the same time remains profitable. This is done through: Fleet Commonality The airlines fleet is made up of Boeing 737, the most common aircraft being flown in the present. Because of fleet commonality the firm is able to cut on costs in obtaining spares and maintenance services. Contracting Out of Services Other than Dublin Airport where the firm maintains its staff and services, Ryanair contracts out aircraft handling, ticketing, baggage handling and other functions to third parties. The firm is able to obtain competitive rates and multi-year contracts at fixed prices, limiting exposure to cost increases. Third party service outsourcing also limits Ryanairs direct exposure to employee relations responsibilities and potential disputes. Airport Charges and Route Policy Airport charges include landing fees, passenger loading fees, aircraft parking fees and noise surcharges. In order to reduce these fees, the firm avoids congested main airports and chooses secondary and regional airport destinations which are very interested in increasing passenger throughput. Staff Costs and Productivity In order to control employee compensation costs, the firm implements a performance related pay structure. Although the company provides lower labor costs, the employees can earn additional pay or remuneration base on their performance. Marketing Costs In order to reduce marketing costs, the firm cut its rate commission to travel agents. The firms main advertisement tools are newspapers, radio, television and its company website. 2.0 External analysis: For success within the airline industry, an awareness of the external environment is essential. This section aims to highlight the position of the industry, in particular looking at competitors and assessing Ryans capability to meet current and future challenges. 2.1 PESTLE Analysis In Pestle analysis we investigate macro external factors for companies, which are very important for identify their strategies. There are 6-core elements of Pestle analysis. These are Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental options. We can examine these factors in the airline industry to realize Ryanairs future external threats and opportunities. PESTEL Factor Key Points Implications for RYAN Political Heavy regulation (AEA, 2009). Compliance is essential if Ryan wants to continue operations. Increased security due to past terrorist threats (DFT, 2008). Sufficient security measures should be in place to ensure consumer confidence and competitive advantage is maintained. Economic Global economic crisis:World growth is projected to just over 2  percent in 2009 (IMF, 2008). Pound weakens especially against the Euro. Possible reduction in the amount of business travel as companies are cutting costs and using alternative means of communication such as teleconferencing. Oil prices: declined by 50 % since their peak retreating to 2007 levels. Decline in fuel price = strengthening of the dollar (IMF, 2008) Fluctuations in oil prices and exchange rates will directly affect Ryans cost base. UK consumer spending saw its sharpest decline for 13 years between July and September 2008 (Channel 4, 2008). More intense competition Social The UK has an aging population (see appendix 3) (National Statistics Online, 2008). Potential opportunity for growth as older generations havemore time to spend on leisure activities such as international travel. Increasing unemployment (Kollewe and Sager, 2008). Increased bargaining power as an employer. Technological A recent survey revealed that 34% of online consumers plan to use price-comparison sites more in 2009 (NMA, 2009). Increased consumer awareness and therefore bargaining power. Online booking services and check-in is becoming increasingly used by the airline industry. Ryan must ensure that they remain up to date with these technological advances whilst avoiding becoming overly reliant, as this may isolate certain consumer markets (i.e the elderly) who dont feel comfortable using such technology. Environmental/Ethical Noise pollution controls,and energy consumption controls (DFT, 2008). New legislation (e.g. Climate Change Bill) enforcing tighter environmental regulation may increase operational costs each year. Limited land and for growing airports Expansion is difficult at Heathrow as it would result in a loss in the Londons Green belt area. (BBC News 2006) Limited capacity=>utilisation of capacity. Consumers are becoming increasingly green and more aware of the environmental impact of their actions. Failure to adopt an integrated environmental strategy could lead to a detrimental effect on the Ryans reputation and income. Cancellations of flights and loss of baggage (Channel 4, 2008). Such ethical issues could have a detrimental effect on reputation if left unresolved. Legal Recognition of trade unions and industrial action e.g. Cabin Crew strikes. Good employee relations are essential if Ryan wants to avoid industrial action and interrupted operations. Open Skies Agreement (AEA, 2009) Opportunity for Ryan and its competitors to freely transport aircraft between the EU and US. There is a cruel competition in airline industry. Especially, after credit crunch in 2008 the competition has become crueler. Companies have to fight with recession also and in this economic situation we can see lots of threats in sector. If you reverse these threats to the opportunities you will be one step further in the competition. Ryanair is the most suitable company to gain advantages from todays world. With this assignment we answered the questions, which frequently asking for their future strategy and their positions of the future competition. Thats why; they have started to corporate social responsibilities. 2.2 Porters Five Forces Before starting to write analysis of the Ryanair based on Porters five forces I should write some special information about Ryanair or all low cost airlines. The main characteristics of these companies are designed for reducing costs. Because it is obvious that the most competitive maybe just one- side of them is their low fares. For Ryanair, their aircrafts seat density is very high and they prefer just one aircraft types (Boeing 737-800). All of their bookings are via Internet so they earn huge amount of money because of no sales commissions. They havent got any frills such as free food or havent got any air-mile promotions. They always prefer secondary airports. Actually these all I mentioned above are had mentioned at their S.W.O.T. analysis in strengths part. In my opinion we can use every single detail from S.W.O.T. analysis of Ryanair when we are writing about Porters Five Forces analysis of it. This analysis has five-core element. These are 1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers 2. New Entrants 3. Threat of Substitutes 4. Competitive Rivalry 5. Bargaining Power of Customers Bargaining Power of Customers Ryanair customers are highly price sensitive. It is very easy to change their airline and it is not related to high cost. In this century customers knowledge about the cost of service is high and there is no customer loyalty for Ryanair. Even though there is no customer loyalty, bargaining power of customers is low. Ryanair is the cheapest airline for all Europe destinations and customers are -especially in recession times- highly price sensitive. New Entrants It is very hard to be new in airline industry. There are lots of barriers to entry. You should take the flight authorizations. The capital that you will invest in this sector is very high. It is also hard to take a place current competition and also hard to find suitable airports for your flights. In my opinion in short time period there will not be any threats of new entrants against Ryanair even though some existing companies are changing their strategy and reducing their ticket price (Lufthansa). Threat of Substitutes As I mentioned before there is not any brand loyalty of customers and Ryanair preferred customer relationship is not-close relationship. If their customers find better way to travel they will not feel any hesitation to chose it. So the threat of direct and indirect substitutes is very high and the most important point is there are no switching costs for the customers. Competitive Rivalry The market is highly competitive. Most of Ryanairs cost advantages can be copied immediately. In Europe it seems like there is an agreement between Ryanair and Easyjet about not to compete head to head. However if any company does decide to compete on the same basis as Ryanair it will be highly crucial for Ryanair. There will be heavy pressure on prices, margins, and hence on profitability. 2.3 Bowmans Strategy Clock Bowman created his Strategy Clock in The Essence of Competitive Strategy book. With this strategic model he illustrates companys competitive position in comparison with their rivals. For him the real advantage of companies being achieved cost and differentiation. His strategy clock has 8 options. First two options are about the low price. First option is totally low cost low added value but the second option totally about to be a cost leader without caring its value. Second option has the risk of price war and low margin. Third option is a hybrid option. Mainly the low cost but not the lowest price. The most important difference between second and the third option is in third option reinvestment in differentiation. Fourth option is about differentiation. For option five the biggest difference is the differentiation is highly focused. It perceived added value to a particular segment warranting a premium price. Rests of the options are failure options. At option six the price is increased but the value is standard. Option seven is worse than option six. In option seven you can see increased price with low values. It is only feasible in monopoly situation. Last option is option 8, which is the cause loss of market share. Because your low value has a standard price. Ryanair had dramatic changes during last decade period time and this was flabbergasted its competitors. Their profitability rose within a short period of time. Their low-fares strategy without frills and punctuality in flight service helped their high profitability period and it brought a significant value on the growth. The high level competition needs efficient strategy to gain advantages and at the same time high profit. In different times we can put Ryanairs strategy in different options in Bowmans Strategy Clock. But all of them can be placed between options 1 to 5. Their strategy never placed in failure part of Bowmans clock. Mainly, in these days Ryanair place in the clock is between options 1-2, which is mainly about low price. We can easily realize Ryanair is the best example for this option. If they can secure their price and gives higher valued service they can easily take a place option three and they will be strongest company in the competition. In my opinion, hybrid strategy is the most preferable strategy in the clock that is why Virgin Airlines prefer this option. If Ryanair updates their lowest price strategy with a standard service they easily will be the strongest company in the competition. 3.0 SWOT Analysis: Strengths Ryanair has been known as Europes first low-cost, no-frills airline brand.This fact alone credits is the companys strongest selling point. Ryanair started in year 1985 with only 57 staff members and with one 15-seater turboprop plane from the south of east of Ireland to London-Gatwick which carried 5000 passengers on one route. In 1986, inspired from the story of David and Goliath the company go after the big guys for a slice of the action and end up smashing the Aer Lingus or British Airways high fare cartel on the Dublin-London route. From therein, Ryanairs lower fares offering increased their market share rapidly resulting to the establishment of low-cost subsidiaries of established airline companies such as British Airlines and KLM. The low-cost, no-frills strategy resulted to a rapid increase of customers and expansion of their operations, wherein the staff increased from mere 57 to 3, 400 staff members and almost 35 million passengers. In terms of operations, the EU air transport deregulation allowed the airline for the first time to open up new routes to Continental Europe with over 3 million passengers on 18 routes carried in 1997. Ryanair also launched services to Stockholm, Oslo, Paris and Brussels and took time out to float Ryanair Holdings plc on Dublin and NASDAQ Stock exchanges. The company was awarded as Airline of the Year in 1999 by the Irish Air Transport Users Committee. In 2001, while almost all traditional airline companies suffered from losses and stiff competition, Ryanair, being a low-cost airline became more than merely profitable by recording 26 percent in operating margins results that the former only dreams about. In June of the following year, Ryanair made a market capitalization amounting to 4.9 billion euro ($4.82 billion), breaking the records of 45 percent more than the mighty British Airways that has 20 times larger in terms of revenue. Ryanair possesses the sophisticated and able technology that can cater to the fast changing global marketing management trends. It has core competence in its use of information technology that can support its management and marketing operations. Thus, adding to its innovations in service providing among the wide range of clientele. Its IT supports competent procurement of services (e.g. bookings and ticketing) in e-marketing or online aspect. After establishing its website in January 2000, it became one of the busiest sites in the country with 14 million impressions a month. The booking in their web accounts have increased to 94% which has probably has something to do with opening another 26 routes. In year 2003, the company is characterized by rapid expansion and the start the year by announcing that the company has ordered an additional 100 new Boeing 737-800 series aircraft to facilitate the rapid European growth plans. The company is named as the most popular airline on the web i n 2004 by Google. The company has also passed out British Airways to become the UKs favorite airline in United Kingdom and throughout Europe. In sum, Ryanairs strengths rest on the companys commitment to low fares, deep-seated management, and willingness to address managerial challenges and marketing trends (e.g. competition, expansion, and IT solutions). Weaknesses Despite of the increase of passengers, the company is not so good in managing cost that the company has lose its money. At the moment, there have been urgent and deliberate mechanisms that were implemented to address such weakness. Such cost reduction strategy relies on five main aspects like fleet commonality, contracting out services, airport charges and route policies, managed staff costs and productivity and managed marketing costs. Ryanair, in spite of its strategies has other problems that serve as weaknesses too. One of the problems is in terms of handling customers or target market. Reports say that Ryanair accumulates hidden taxes and other fees, restricted customer services, and deceiving advertisements. In addition, another problem is assuring quality service. According to the result of poll conducted by BBC involving air travelers in 2003, 56 percent of respondents claimed that the airline caused them the biggest headaches in terms of services and customers. Also, in 2007 Irelands Commission for Aviation Regulation recorded a total of 60 percent of all complaints accumulated by the commission. There has been significant number of bad publicity for the company, thus, creating a negative impression to the airline brand. The company is faced with different unsolved issues because of lack of strategic decision making in several areas of human resources particularly in relation to trade union policies. Opportunities With the management system of the company and the strengths that it has, Ryanair has bigger opportunities to still dominate and catch up with the competition in the European airline industry in terms of providing more quality service standard and at the same time preserving it low-cost no-frills strategy to its clients or even have an opportunity to be the number one airline company in the whole region after its eventual application of its proposed plans in the future. Another opportunity that can be attached to the company is it would gain more customers if they would be able to determine the latest trends in airline management and marketing to meet the demands of their target market. The continuous initiatives of the company in diversification of its revenue resources also open new opportunities to make the business become stronger to outgrow all its rival companies. Such opportunities will include e-business development by strategic alliances as well as suppliers, leveraging the c ompanys investment in the World Class Customer Satisfaction Systems, and other business opportunities in both non-core and core areas. Threats Operating in the most competitive marketplace especially European airline industry, Ryanair is faced with the inevitable threat of stiff competition. For a company to succeed in global competition there is a continuous plan to develop new products with higher quality than its competitors. New product and new business development must be highly effective and efficient, however that alone will not ensure its competitiveness. The expansion of its operations to other areas means adjusting to the trade policies and political problems of the locality. The dynamic needs and demands of customers served to be a challenge to the management. Furthermore, consumer behaviour and satisfaction with regards to the product/service procurement is also a risk. If the company will continue to be a vertically integrated corporation, the company may fail in terms of management ability. The division of the company may tend to have internal complexity. Additionally, fast paced technological advancement may be a threat to Ryanair as a whole. In terms of the competitors, the company should be able to provide unique and more technologically advanced services to be able to survive in the competition in the world airline industry. Future Strategy and Recommendations Mergers and Acquisitions Mergers and acquisitions have become one of the most important corporate-level strategies in the new millennium. Merger and acquisition strategies are important to firm growth and success in the 21st century. As Ryanair continues to grow it is expected that the company will acquire other companies such as Buzz, in order to improve its capabilities and acquire more competitive advantage. Strategic Human Resource Management Ryanair, in its commitment to low-cost airfare have sacrificed its processes and services. The human resources of the company are not seen as a potential source of competitive advantage. The company do not seem to value its people. There is a growing belief that a companys human resources is the most important source of competitive advantage. Human resources or the companys people are one source of sustainable competitive advantage. In a fast-changing environment where technological innovations and other strategies can be copied, it is the human resources that bring a sustainable competitive advantage. Marketing Plan Strategies Ryanair should has a detailed plan for its strategic moves in the market and be able to provide good customer services to the customers like by having discounted flights and value promotion to keep the competitive advantage at a stable mode within its competitors and will need to focus more on the core competencies that allow Ryanair to practically and wisely designs suitable airline operations within the bracket of their marketing network services in a market standard-based perspective. Ryanair need to be goal oriented and must not stop to rejuvenate and change their marketing plan strategies from time to time in order to re-invent the performance process upon the upgrading of rules and regulations mandated by the state. Ryanair is to overcome the lack of product differentiation and increase it that will have the ability to revive revenue generation. Operational Effectiveness It is then recommended that Ryanair should outsources as many non-core functions as possible that may abandon peripheral services such as catering or ground handling services and can be required to perform such activities as external specialist companies defined to be independent profit centers. Recommendation Based on above analysis, it is recommended that Ryanair consider the expansion in to haul markets specially the transatlantic routes which accounts for more than 60% of worlds air travel. By moving in to this new market with its low fare strategy coupled with added service options the company can utilize its existing business with introducing complementary goods and services via its web site its also recommended as this will allow the company to further reduce its cost base per unit of customer.

Essay --

Economic Principles Some of the most heated debates in macroeconomics in recent years have been concerned with the causes and consequences of inflation, the relationship between inflation and unemployment, and appropriate policy responses. Inflation and Unemployment in the AS-AD Model Inflation may be defined, for our purposes, as the proportionate increase in the price level per period of time. Another way of looking at inflation would be to point out that as the price level rises the real value of a given nominal amount of money falls, so that is to say that as the price level rises $1 will buy fewer and fewer goods. Thus, inflation might, alternatively, be defined as the proportionate decline in the purchasing power of a given nominal amount of money. In this sense, inflation is a monetary phenomenon. Therefore, Laidler and Parkin argue that its importance ‘stems from the pervasive role played by money in a modern economy’. Friedman goes further than this and argue s that inflation ‘is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon †¦ and can be produced only by a more rapid increase in the quantity of money than in output. He clearly has views not only on what inflation is, but also on what causes it. By no means all economists agree with Friedman on the causes of inflation, and it is such issues, which are the focus of much of this chapter. There is also much disagreement about the consequences of inflation. Most would agree that a short bout of inflation, or a persistent but well-predicted one, would not be as harmful as a persistent and unpredictable bout of inflation. Even for the latter case there are those who argue that the consequences are not that serious, while others argue that unpredictable inflation distorts the mec... ...lated by discounting the income, but to the permanent magnitudes. To take the extreme case as illustration: Wn is wealth possessed by an individual during his whole life’; and Yn is the average (permanent) lifetime income. This novel definition of terms is closely connected to Friedman’s research on the consumption function4, and it is very significant to his theory. Friedman applies his concept of permanent income to the theory of money demand, too. Permanent income is the return on a rather widely defined stock of nominal wealth. The latter consists of Money: a means of payment with a constant face value that does not yield interest; Bonds: interest bearing securities with a constant face value; Equalities: claims on the profits of a firm; Physical goods; and Human capital. Hence, Ln = f (P, rB, rE, P/ P, Yn p/r) (+) (-) (-) (-) (+)

Effects of Music on Teenagers

Azam Mirabdullaev Professor Christdas ESL 094-622 March 4, 2013 Effects of Music on Teenagers I strongly agree that many of today’s popular songs refer to sex, drugs, and violence. I think these songs are very harmful for teenagers, and have to be taken off the market. These songs are causing a lot of problems in our society such as increasing rate of early pregnancy, drug abuse, and violence among teenagers. Furthermore, these songs project to teenagers that it is acceptable and glorified to behave in this manner.First, the songs that refer to sex are causing many teenagers to have early sex, which often leads to early pregnancies. Most of the time early pregnancies often end up with abortions. In the United States of America the rate of pregnancies among teenagers have gone up about 20 percent in the last five years. Recently I was reading an article in the New York Times about research which was done among high school teenagers. The research has shown that 90 percent of pre gnant high school girls will end up with abortions.Moreover, the research has shown that teenagers whose iPods are full of music with raunchy, sexual lyrics start having sex sooner than those who prefer other songs. Whether it is hip-hop, rap, pop or rock, much of popular music aimed at teenagers contains sexual overtones. Its influence on their behavior appears to depend on how the sex is portrayed, the researchers found. Songs depicting men as â€Å"sex-driven studs,† women as sex objects and with explicit references to sex acts are more likely to trigger early sexual behavior than those where sexual references are more veiled and relationships appear more committed.Teenagers who said they listened to lots of music with degrading sexual messages were almost twice as likely to start having intercourse or other sexual activities within the following two years as were teenagers who listened to little or no sexually degrading music. Therefore, these songs are polluting our soci ety causing early sex and a lot of abortions among teenagers. Secondly, songs, which refer to violence, are increasing the rate of violence among teenagers. Today’s most popular songs teach teenagers to be violent, to be tough.These songs are one of the main reasons teenagers are joining gangs and committing crime in early years. In fact, every day we can see from the news a teenager takes a gun and shoots someone. According to a new study published by the American Psychological Association, â€Å"The violent-song increases in aggressive thoughts and feelings have implications for real world violence. Furthermore, repeated exposure to violent lyrics may contribute to the development of an aggressive personality. I think these songs pull teenagers away from school and home into a life of violence.Therefore, the songs which refer to violence must be taken off the market. † Third, songs that refer to drugs are increasing the level of drug abuse among teenagers. The songs, which refer to drugs, teach teenagers that it is fine and very normal to use drugs. In addition, these songs infer that using drugs makes you cool. According to the study from the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, one in three popular songs refers to drug or alcohol use if a person listens music about an hour he or she will receive 35 references to substance abuse.Furthermore, study has shown that teenagers are listening music to about 2. 5 hours a day. Consequently, teenagers are hearing about 90 references to substance abuse a day. No wonder that most of the teenagers abusing drugs. In conclusion, I want to say that songs, which refer to sex, drugs, and violence, are very harmful for teenagers and have to be taken off the market. These songs are polluting our society and teenagers. Furthermore, these songs are taking away the shock value from the teenagers, and damaging their identities and characters. Finally, government agencies must take appropriate actions against such songs.

What Are the 7 Principles of Design

What Are the 7 Principles of Design SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re taking any of AP Art courses, like 2-D or 3-D studio art, you absolutely have to understand the core principles of design. That’s because the elements and principles of design are a foundational element of great art! In this article, we’re going to teach you everything you need to know about the seven principles of design, including: An overview of the principles of design An introduction to key concepts An in-depth look at each of the principles one-by-one Three top tips for incorporating these principles into your own work Let’s get started! What Are the Principles of Design? If you’ve ever played a sport, then you know that there are some fundamental rules that you have to follow if you want to be successful. For example, if you play soccer, then you know that one of the rules is that you have to kick the ball into the opposing team’s goal in order to score a point! While you don’t have to follow this rule- your team could just kick the ball to one another for 90 minutes- you’ll have a much better chance of winning if you do. The principles of design are a lot like the rules of a sport. That’s because the principles of design are the rules and principles that artists and designers use to create visual compositions. Artists use these principles to make sure whatever they’re making accurately and effectively delivers their intended message to their audience. 2Key Concepts: Visual Language and Design In order to understand the principles of design, you first have to have a handle on two key concepts: visual language and design in general. Visual language is the idea that we communicate through visual symbols. For example, take a look at the clothes you’re wearing. Do they have a logo on them, like the Nike â€Å"swoosh† or the Ralph Lauren â€Å"polo pony†? If they do, you’re participating in visual language! Visual language is the way that designers and artists communicate messages and meaning through their work. They can use things like colors, lines, and shapes to make you feel or think a certain way. And since this is the ultimate goal of design, it’s important to understand how visual language works! The second key concept is the definition of design itself. You probably hear the term thrown around a lot, whether it’s about the design of the newest Tesla car or the launch of a new designer clothing label. But when it comes to principles of design, the term â€Å"design† has a very specific definition. In this case, design is the process of selecting and organizing elements or components in order to fulfill a specific purpose. This purpose may be functional, aesthetic, or both! So when we talk about design in this article, we’re specifically talking about how design elements are used to support the artist’s ultimate goal, whether that’s marketing a product, telling a story, or creating the next great artistic masterpiece. What Are the Principles of Design Used For? Artists use the principles of design to make sure that the work they’re creating...well, works. For instance, let’s say a graphic designer is supposed to create a poster for a presidential candidate. It’s going to be really important for the designer to use the principles of design during their design process to ensure the finished poster is visually communicating the right message to potential voters. The same holds true for fine art, too. Artists paint, sculpt, and create in order to communicate with their viewers. Let’s say an artist is worried about how much Americans consume on a daily basis. That may become the subject of their work, and they’ll pay close attention to how their finished piece speaks to viewers about issues of capitalism. (A good example of how opinions on topics like consumerism and capitalism can be expressed through fine art is the painting â€Å"Landscape,† by American painter Mark Tansey.) On the flip side, these principles are also used to determine whether a piece of art is a success or failure. When a visual composition uses the principles of design well, it will succeed in fulfilling its purpose (whatever that purpose might be). But just because a work is successful doesn’t mean you have to like it. That’s because liking or disliking a visual piece involves your personal taste. The difference between the principles of design and taste is important. As an artist, it's important to separate your work from taste. This is true for many commercial artists, where their clients’ tastes might not reflect their own. Even fine artists need to be able to do this so that they aren’t conforming their art to others’ tastes. For a critic, the separation helps them make better judgements. While there’s no real objective way to critique art, the principles of design provide a kind of rubric for assessing whether a piece of art functions. It might make more sense to think of this in terms of baking. Let’s say you’re judging a cookie baking contest, and when you go to taste one cookie, it’s actually a small, round pizza. The baker argues that you should consider it a cookie: it’s small, flat, round, and baked in an oven. But just because the pizza lines up with the qualifications of a cookie in some ways, it’s missing some other important criteria: it’s not sweet, it’s not cake-like, and it’s certainly not dessert. At the end of the day, a pizza just isn’t a cookie. The seven principles of design work the same way. Critics can use them as a measuring stick for art. If the goal of art is to communicate a message, then the fundamentals of design give critics a way of checking whether an art piece does so effectively. For critics, the seven principles of design also help ensure they aren’t labeling works as â€Å"bad† just because they don’t suit their personal tastes, too. The 7 Principles of Design: Explained Now that you’re familiar with the ideas behind the principles of design, let's take a closer look at each of the seven principles. How an artist uses these elements is important to the overall quality and effectiveness of their work. One quick note: if you Google the principles of design, you’ll find lists that feature five, six, or even eleven principles! That’s because there’s not 100 percent consensus on what the fundamental principles of design are. So to create our list, we picked the principles that appeared the most often across the widest variety of sources. Ginevra de'Benci by Leonardo da Vinci Principle 1: Contrast Just like in literature, visual contrast happens when different elements of a piece are noticeably different from one another. When contrasting elements are juxtaposed, or place next to one another, it draws the viewer’s attention. One of the common ways artists do this is by using contrasting colors close to one another. (These are colors that appear on opposite sides of the color wheel from one another.) But this can also be done through the size or types of objects, too. Take a look at Leonardo da Vinci’s work, Ginevra de’ Benci, pictured above. Notice the contrast of the woman’s skin against the dark background of the trees. Da Vinci uses contrast to draw your eye to what he considers to be the most important part of the piece- the woman’s face. Jurassic Park/Universal Pictures Principle 2: Emphasis Emphasis is important for helping viewers see the most important part of a visual design. Oftentimes, we don’t notice emphasis when it’s done well...but it definitely stands out when it’s done poorly! For example, think about the billboards you see when you drive down the highway. The best ones put the most important information in big, bold letters, or use a related image to capture your attention. But when the type is too small or the images are too cluttered, the advertisement doesn’t work as well. The movie poster for Jurassic Park is a great example of emphasis. It puts the most important information front-and-center: from a glance, you know that title and opening date of the movie. But the prominent outline of a skeleton also gives you a pretty good idea of what the movie is going to be about. (Spoiler alert: it’s about dinosaurs!) It’s important to note that emphasis is closely linked to other principles of design. For example, the Jurassic Park poster uses contrast and space to create emphasis. Other posters, like this one for Gravity, use movement, space, and contrast to do the same thing. Principle 3: Pattern Pattern happens when an object, image, or symbol is uniformly repeated throughout a visual composition. Anything can be turned into a pattern, though some classic examples include intersecting lines, shapes, and spirals. Patterns can do many things for a design. It can set the tone for the piece, like if the background features a 70s mod pattern or a repeating image, like an animal. A pattern can also set the stage for other design elements, like contrast or emphasis. In the image above, you can see how the star pattern combines with contrast to reveal a patriotic star, which becomes the emphasis of the advertisement. Principle 4: Repetition In design, repetition is used to unify and strengthen a design. Unlike a pattern, where one thing is repeated consistently throughout a design, repetition is the repeated use of certain elements, like color, shape, or font. When repetition is used correctly, it creates consistency in a design. As a brand, Target Stores are famous for their use of repetition. They use color repetition to help viewers immediately associate an advertisement with their store. A good example of this is the advertisement above, which uses the repetition of colors and shapes (the concentric circles of the Target logo) to reiterate their brand. Starry Night by Vincent Van Gogh Principle 5: Movement It can seem strange to talk about movement when some visual compositions are still images. But movement as a principle of design is about the movement of a viewer’s eye across a work. Good art leads the viewer from one important element to the next. If a viewer’s eye tends to get stuck in one place, it’s a sign that some of the principles of design aren’t working quite right! Using movement as a part of your design process has an added benefit: it helps viewers feel connected to what they’re seeing. Starry Night by Vincent Van Gogh is an excellent example of movement in action. In this painting, the swirls of color in the sky carry the viewer’s gaze from left to right, which makes you feel like you’re experiencing the night breeze. But on a mechanical level, Van Gogh’s brush strokes create movement, too. The sweeping lines on the mountains, for example, help[ bring your eye to the village, and following the vertical lines on the plant in the foreground return your gaze back to the sky. Steve Jobs Tribute by Jonathan Mak Principle 6: Space In design, space refers to the area around different visual elements. There are two types of space: positive space and negative space. Positive space is the area that the subject of the composition occupies. If you go back to da Vinci’s portrait above, you’ll see that the woman occupies a lot of the portrait’s positive space. As a designer, you use positive space to display the most important elements of your design. On the other hand, negative space- which is sometimes called â€Å"white space†- is the space around objects! If you look back at the Jurassic Park poster, all of the black surrounding the central image and the other copy is a textbook example of negative space. Negative space can be tricky for designers since it seems empty, but it’s actually helping to create emphasis. It helps viewers quickly discern what’s important while also giving a design â€Å"room to breathe.† Positive and negative space work together to create emphasis and visual appeal. Check out the piece above by graphic designer Jonathan Mak, which he made as a memorial to Steve Jobs after his death. He plays with the negative space of the Apple logo, turning the normal bite mark into the profile of the company’s late founder. Principle 7: Balance Now it’s time to talk about the last (but perhaps most important) principle of design: balance. Every element in a visual composition carries weight. The more an element is emphasized, the heavier it is. A designer’s goal is to balance the weight of each object on the canvas in order to create a feeling of balance for the viewer. There are two ways to do this: through symmetrical balance and through asymmetrical balance. Symmetrical balance adds objects to both sides of the center of a work to create symmetry. You can think of this as balancing a set of old-timey scales. You have to add the same amount of weight to each side to keep them level! Asymmetrical balance happens when objects and elements aren’t spread evenly across the composition, but how they’re placed creates a sense of balance anyway. Oftentimes, asymmetrical balance helps create a sense of movement and draws your eye from one element to another. In the photo above, you can see asymmetrical balance at work. The hand and donut are in the bottom of the image, and there’s no identical image at the top! The balance here comes from the amount of negative space in the photo. By limiting the emphasized image to a small part of the picture, the photo maintains its balance. The 3 Best Tips for Using the Principles of Design So how can you use the principles of design in your own work? Here are our three top tips for using principles of design to take your art to the next level. Tip 1: Embrace Negative Space Like we mentioned earlier, it’s tempting to fill up every corner of a composition with something. After all, we often think of space as â€Å"wasted,† right? But remember: negative space is incredibly important to helping the more important elements of a work shine. A good way to do this is to follow the advice of Coco Chanel, the famous French fashion designer, who famously said: â€Å"Before you leave the house, look in the mirror and take one thing off.† Take a step back and look at your composition. Is there something you can take off, shrink, or move that will help create more balance and space in your work? Tip 2: Rethink the Axis of Symmetrical Balance When it comes to symmetrical balance, we sometimes think about it like a Rorschach test where the balance of an image is either left/right or top/bottom. But in fact, the axis of balance for a visual composition can bisect the image at any angle. Take a look at the picture above. The line of symmetry is on a diagonal from bottom right to top left. The image is still balanced, but the axis is tilted, which gives the image a lot more visual interest. It also comes across as more modern, too! Tip 3: Take a Step Back When you’re working on a composition, you’re normally pretty up close and personal with it. But that can sometimes skew your perspective of the piece as a whole. That’s why one of the best ways to see if a composition works is to view it from a distance. (This is especially true if your composition is meant to be viewed from a distance, like with a large painting or advertisement.) Backing away from the screen or canvas will blur the elements together and help you get a better sense of whether the contrast, movement, and balance of a piece communicates your message. What's Next? Are you looking for more AP classes to take before applying for college? Here’s a list of every AP class (and test!) But be careful: AP classes can be more challenging than their general education counterparts. Get the inside information on how hard AP classes really are so you can make sure you’re balancing a challenging schedule with making good grades. So what’s the benefit to taking AP courses? Well, most high schools in the United States add points to your final grade to create a weighted average. Learn more about weighted averages and how they affect things like your graduation rank and college admissions chances here.

Compare The Elements of Supranationalism and Intergovernmentalism †Government Essay

Compare The Elements of Supranationalism and Intergovernmentalism – Government Essay Free Online Research Papers Compare The Elements of Supranationalism and Intergovernmentalism Government Essay Both terms which I am going to analyse and compare in this essay Intergovernmentalism and Supranationalism belong amongst the key concepts related to the talks about the nature of EU integration. In the beginning I feel it is necessary to start with brief definitions of these terms as they are described by one of my sources, Neill Nugent. In one of his books he refers to Intergovernmentalism as â€Å"arrangements whereby nation states, in situations and conditions they can control, cooperate with one another on matters of common interest. The existence of control, which allows all participating states to decide the extent and nature of this cooperation means that national sovereignty is not directly undermined.† His definition of Supranationalism is following : â€Å"Supranationalism involves states working with one another in a manner that does not allow them to retain complete control over developments. That is, states may be obliged to do things against their preferences and their will because they do not have the power to stop decisions. Supranationalism thus takes inter-state relation beyond cooperation into integration, and involves some loss of national sovereignty.† The aim of my essay is to compare the key elements of above mentioned terms, but I am also going to argue with one part of both mentioned definitions. I am going to argue that it is not necessary the loss of national sovereignty which is at stake in supranational concept, but rather a loss of autonomy. Due to the fact that the concept of national sovereignty is part of both definitions and therefore the question of its loss vs. preservation can be considered one of the main distinguishing elements between intergovernmental and supranational approach I feel it is necessary to start the discussion with this argument. First, if we understand the sovereignty as a characteristic feature of every state where â€Å"the state stands above all other associations and groups within its geographical area and its jurisdiction extends to the whole population of the (state’s) area† we can not argue, in my opinion, that during the process of integration states loose any of these elements. Neither does the state cease to stand above groups and associations within its area , nor does its jurisdiction stop to extend to the whole population of its territory. Rather, I want to argue, the process of integration involves additional institutions which can share the influence on the associations, groups and individuals existing within the area of the state but they do not stop the state to stand above them as a sovereign on its territory. Moreover, the integration process in the judicial area does not stop the state’s jurisdiction to extend to the whole of its population. I agree that the legal su premacy of the EU law has a significant influence on legal systems in EU member countries and that it can result in such outcomes as e.g. state legislatives being prevented from introducing certain national laws which they desire, but in my point of view, it does not interfere with the definition of sovereignty as it was described above. I am trying to argue that it is an autonomy as â€Å"an ability to make decisions without the informal influence of other subjects† or as â€Å"a degree of political independence possessed by territorial division† which is at stake in the process of integration. Second, I want to argue with Nugent’s statement that â€Å"no modern state can now be regarded as being fully sovereign in de facto sense, and the EU member states cannot even claim that they are fully sovereign in de jure sense.† In fact, I think this statement interferes with his own definition of sovereignty as it is described in my first argument. In my opinion, it is again autonomy what modern states are lacking in recent history and times of closer integration and globalisation. To support my argument, I am agreeing with Tokar’s statement that â€Å"according to international standards formally sovereign is even a small and economically unimportant state† and with Rosamond who says that â€Å"Sovereignty is about absolutes: states either have it or they do not. () the present international system is founded on the principle of sovereign statehood.† Basically, every existing internationally recognized state is sovereign in a sense that it pos sesses four key characteristics of the state territoriality, sovereignty, legitimacy and monopoly of governance within its territorial area. But, not every state, especially not a small and economically unimportant state, possesses the same amount of autonomy (as described in the first argument) to make important decisions without both, formal and informal influence coming from outside its territory. Third, and this is my last argument concerned with autonomy vs. sovereignty, the loss of sovereignty of any state requires changes of the statehood (e.g. existing state can join with another state and form a new one either unitary of federative state; existing state can disintegrate and form two or more new sovereign, independent states; or a nation can be successful in claiming its right to self-determination and if recognized by other states it can evolve into formation of a new sovereign state) while loss of autonomy is a process where states remain formally sovereign but they gradually experience impotence to make certain decisions independently from other (usually higher, supranational) influence. And this is, I want to argue, the case that occurs during the process of European integration. Now that I have explained how I view the concept of sovereignty as one of the key elements of both, intergovernmental as well as supranational approach, I can begin to compare their key characteristics. When studying integrational theories and their character, one can find a clear division between how the two above mentioned approaches view certain processes and situations. The main differences occur in the following areas: who they consider to be the key actors of integration question of possession of power how they view EU what character of decision making they prefer types of politics they focus on how they view the relationship between politics and economics how they approach the question of sovereignty Those who support intergovernmentalism consider key actors to be nation states and their governments while supranationalist supporters argue that it is supranational organizations and their institutions who represent it. This attitude is also connected to the question of possession of power. While intergovermentalists see the power (especially decision-making power) as a possession of member states, supranationalists view the EU as a quasi-state where member state governments still have the power but they decided to and therefore must share it with other actors. While in the first case independent appointees of governments have solely advisory or implementational functions, in supranational organization the power is held by representatives elected by the legislatives or by the people of member states and states have no power to stop their decisions. This is conjoined with the way these two approaches view the EU one as a sort of international organisation and the other as quasi-state. As to the character of reaching decisions, intergovernmentalist approach favours decision-making by unanimity while supranationalist approach strongly supports majority voting arguing that where decisions must be made by different governments acting unanimously it could take years to reach some decisions (if reached at all). In the sphere of politics, intergovernmentalists make a distinction between â€Å"low† and â€Å"high† politics arguing that it is possible for governments to cooperate in areas of â€Å"low† politics, while area of â€Å"high† politics including issues of key importance where national interests are at stake makes it difficult for governments to agree on integration. On the other hand, supporters of supranationalist approach focus on areas of â€Å"low† politics only. With regard to the relationship between politics and economics, intergovernmental approach presents the idea of economics and politics being relatively autonomous fields and therefore concludes that economical integration doesn’t necessary cause political integration. On the contrary, supranationalists came with the idea of â€Å"spillover† by which they explain their assumption that economic integration creates a pressure for integration in other sectors (one of which is political sector) and therefore they argue that politics follows economics. The last important comparison is how the two approaches view the question of sovereignty (autonomy). While supporters of intergovernmentalism argue that EU integration should only involve pooling of sovereignty (not giving up some part of it) which strengthens the nation state and that supranationalism is a threat to national sovereignty and democracy claiming that only national governments should possess the necessary democratic legitimacy, supporters of supranationalism do not fear the loss of sovereignty (autonomy). In fact, they support the idea that states should voluntarily give up some of their sovereignty and pass it onto collective institutions in return for many gains, prosperity and collective strength that such integration provides. Despite of all above mentioned differences, there is no single solution which would indicate that only one of these approaches would be more appropriate than the other when speaking about the process of ongoing European integration. In fact, the uniqueness of EU lies in the fact that it embodies both supranational as well as intergovernmental features in its system of governance and that it considers both of these approaches as important for its functioning. This reflects in EU having both types of institutions involved supranationally organised Commission, Parliament and the Court of Justice and their intergovernmnetally based counterparts such as European Council and Council of Ministers. As history has proved the balance should remain at least until the time when different states will be able to reach a consensus in the question of the direction which the future EU should betake. Reading and Comprehension 1. This essay doesn’t have a very clear structure. To improve it put the following headings where you think it is more appropriate. Introduction (Context, Hypothesis and Essay Plan) Body or supporting paragraphs (Suggest some subtitles your self) Conclusion (Statement of Argument and Implications) 2. Is the writer using footnotes, quotations or citations? Find examples. How are they introduced in the text? 3. What are the arguments and counter arguments in this essay? 4. What are the weaknesses and the strengths of this essay? (Imagine you are the teacher). Research Papers on Compare The Elements of Supranationalism and Intergovernmentalism - Government EssayPETSTEL analysis of IndiaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationResearch Process Part OneUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Assess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Olympic Games in London 2012 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Olympic Games in London 2012 - Term Paper Example LOCOG has conducted a number of pilot tests prior to the official launch of the event and those were focused to ensure that the general public transport and working routine does not get affected by the event. For this purpose walking tracks have been established that would lead to the sports park and would avoid large lanes of traffic in form of visitors visiting the place. Manuals and city maps are being spread online and at the local level. The Daily Telegraph reported a large number of bookings from the visitors in advance who are bound to visit the city during the event. For the entire purpose London Transport Plan ( 2nd edition) was released in 2009 which took into consideration factors like passengers routes, visitors stay, businesses and motels handling and all other factors that were necessary to be taken into account (LOCOG, 2010). The entire project was split into various sections that lasted for a particular period.Between 2007 and 2011 the development process was named as â€Å"Building the stage† which included establishing the infrastructure of the entire event taking into consideration all the variables involved. (LOCOG, 2012) while the second part (2011 onwards plan) constituted the final touches and enabling the successful organization of the event. The internal environment includes the gigantic sports stadium arena termed the Sports park can accommodate over 80 thousand spectators at one time. It is the first Olympic even that will be HD-TV supported. It has a separate broadcast center that will have the capacity for over 20 thousand media representatives. For ensuring error proof performance and event organization, a number of pilot events were organized in a bid to analyze the level of preparation. The management team needs to facilitate not just the organizers and media person but the athletes as well. For this purpose effective strategy has been devised that will meet the needs. The Risk factor consideration is also taken into account and impact of various issues on the mega event. LOCOG board has established a panel for this purpose that involves the active participation of senior management for mitigating the risks.

Network Systems and Technology Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Network Systems and Technology - Coursework Example Our IT strategy executes by defining the topology of the network. The topology will define the structure of the entire network along with preferred cable to be used. Secondly, hardware specification of all departmental workstations and will be carried out along with the cost . After defining the specification, we will address network devices along with switch and router deployment. Moreover, we will define all the associated servers that will play a vital role in synchronizing data with remote offices in this scenario. Furthermore, a proposed network diagram will be represented for each site i.e. site 1 and site 2. Sub netting will play a dominant role in breaking down global IP addresses into local IP addresses for each node on the network. For the WAN architecture, we will discuss the technologies, protocols and services that will be used for connecting these sites together. Moreover, for maintaining and monitoring the network, we will discuss network security features that will be implemented in this proposed network. The RADIUS access server will provide synchronization of data between both sites operating on a Virtual Private Network. In addition, Domain name Service will also be discussed. Introduction Organizations associated with health care needs to acquire up to date technological trends in delivering patient care at the optimal level. Medical information systems developed for supporting health care, facilitate organizations to align with best practices and quality and to make these health organizations successful in the market. However, acquiring and maintaining computer networks can be a difficult task along with its alignment with the goals and objectives of the organization. Moreover, along with the alignment with organizational objectives, involvement of all stakeholders in the implementation of a network is vital for understanding the purpose and benefits. Likewise, customization of network design is a requirement for supporting organizational g oals and objectives, which can be a complex task. 1Network Architecture 1.1Topology We will apply star topology, as the network design will follow a centralized server / client architecture. Star topology will provide centralized administration and configuration of all the nodes on the network. Moreover, star topology initiates low broadcasts on the network, consequently, consuming low bandwidth and at the same time making the network capacity on optimal levels. 1.2 Workstations The minimum hardware specification of the workstations that will be installed in the current scenario are: System Specification Processor Intel Dual Core E5400 2.7GHZ (2MB cache – 800MHZ FSB) Motherboard Intel DG41RQ (LGA775-SND+AGP+GIGA LAN-800MHZ FSB) Memory 1GB DDRII (800 Bus) Hard drive 320GB 3.5" SATA-II 7200RPM Optical drive DVD Drive 16 X Chassis Thermal HT Support 1.3 Network devices Network devices are the objects for any network. The network functionality relies on the network devices .The d ependability of the network